In
the early 1920s, Owen Barfield published two books, History in English Words
(1926) and Poetic Diction: A Study in Meaning (1928), which provided
significant insights into the way humans think. Enthusiasts of his work include
T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, and later Saul Bellow, Howard Nemerov, James Hillman,
and Harold Bloom, to name some of the more prominent. These early publications
could have foretold a successful academic career, but Barfield was called
instead to participate in the family of legal business in London. Accordingly,
from 1934 until 1959, Barfield lived and worked in London as a solicitor while
continuing his literary and cultural studies on the side (including his participation in "The Inklings"). During this period, he
continued to publish journal articles and a collection of those articles were
published as Romanticism Comes of Age
(1944), but otherwise Barfield was not a position to turn out a full work developing
his ideas. Happily, shortly before his retirement from the law practice, his
hiatus came to an end in 1957 when Barfield published Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry. The reward was worth
the wait.
Saving the Appearances is a work that ranges across a variety of disciplines: anthropology,
philosophy, literary criticism, science, and religion. Barfield's overall aim
is to explore and understand what he terms “the evolution of consciousness”,
which it goes beyond the history of ideas, to understand the ways in which
humanity has changed the way we experience the world. Early in the book,
drawing especially on anthropology and the work of Levy-Bruhl, Barfield posits
that early humans engaged in the world by “original participation". In
this period of human culture, the division between subject and object is
blurred, and spirits, sprites, and gods animate the natural world. This way of
seeing the world continued more or less intact up until the Scientific Revolution—
with one significant exception. Barfield notes that the Hebrew Bible reflects a
significant withdrawal away from ideas of “original participation” to draw a
sharp line between humanity and the natural world. Of course, this cultural
tradition mixes with the Greco-Roman and eventually Christian tradition and on
into the Scientific Revolution.
With
the advent of the Scientific Revolution, humankind began to disengage its
consciousness from the natural world. This became the age of increasing
abstraction and alienation from the natural world. It became a world of “idolatry”;
that is, of giving precedence to empty images and abstractions. Barfield is
quick to identify the many benefits that this new form of scientific knowledge bestowed
on humankind. Scientific and technological advances have improved the
well-being of humanity immensely. But this new knowledge and attendant power
came at a cost. Barfield hopes that the disengagement from nature and the attendant
idolatry reached its zenith in the 19th century and that we can move on to something
new that he deems “final participation", which incorporates the role of
human consciousness in forming the natural world. Barfield acknowledges we
can't return to Eden, but he believes that we can combine both a scientific and
a participatory perspective into our consciousness.
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| Owen Barfield 1898-1997 |
Barfield's
ideas are certainly his own, although he placed himself within a tradition
established by Rudolf Steiner (labeled by Steiner as “Anthroposophy”). Barfield
came to his ideas independently of any knowledge of Steiner, but after encountering
Steiner in the 1924, Barfield aligned himself with the Anthroposophy movement. Steiner
is one of those persons from the esoteric tradition who can seem from one
perspective brilliant and insightful and from another perspective outright
crazy. But whatever the merits or demerits of Steiner, Barfield's arguments can
sail or sink on their own.
A
short review like this can't begin to do justice to the depth and complexity
Barfield's work. Barfield erudition across disciplines of knowledge and across history
is staggering and makes significant demands on the reader. However, it's worth
the effort. Understanding how humans have changed over the course of time is no
small undertaking. We all sense how differently we perceive the world today
then did our forebears of even 100 years ago, not to mention 500, 1,000, or
5000 years ago. To understand this change is to understand a great deal of what
it means to be human. Barfield’s project is to understand and further grasp the
evolution of consciousness as a movement from original participation to final
participation.
Barfield
project is encompassing, and he’s one of those thinkers that can’t be grasped
in a single are reading or a single work. In some writers, the perplexity left
after a single reading of a single work reflects the confusion of the author
and a dead-end for the reader. But in some, like Barfield, it marks a profound
journey of insight into humanity and how we can better understand ourselves.
