Monday, April 5, 2021

Thoughts for the Day: Monday 5 April 2021

 


“[H]ope that,” which is a passive and timid locution, and “hope to,” which is active and bold— a difference that bears crucially on the issue of our agency as we try to deal with humanity’s problems.


All media present an abstract and selective version of reality, but compared to print television is not an informative medium at all, but a dramatic one: it transmits images, not ideas; it evokes emotions, not thoughts; and it arouses passion, not deliberation. Indeed, at its worst, it is frankly inflammatory. . . . [At best], because it portrays the world in ever small “bites” of sound and image, television creates what is tantamount to a cartoon of reality.

Western psychiatric medicine is often hard to distinguish from pharmacology. Most antidepressants aim to suppress moods—to bring them into a narrow range of experience, removing both the highs and lows. We reduce symptoms of an affliction to make it invisible.

Alfred Whitehead has distinguished between the “speculative” reason which “Plato shared with God” and the “pragmatic” reason which “Ulysses shared with the foxes.”

First, the essential aim of all Buddhist practice is to develop undistracted awareness—that is, to arrive at the state of pure presence that the Buddha-to-be first experienced under the rose-apple tree as a child and that later became the key to his awakening.

But if the body has inadequate time in deep sleep, as it does when it experiences chronic sleep apnea, vasopressin won’t be secreted normally. The kidneys will release water, which triggers the need to urinate and signals to our brains that we should consume more liquid. We get thirsty, and we need to pee more. A lack of vasopressin explains not only my own irritable bladder but the constant, seemingly unquenchable thirst I have every night.
I can attest to the accuracy of this observation based upon personal experience.

Voegelin fitted into no obvious partisan or intellectual pigeonhole. His underlying point about the hollowed-out middle of liberal-modern society was not original. Tocqueville, speaking a century before as a conservative liberal, had worried about the unhealthy coupling of undue personal liberty and collectivist tyranny. The thought was common currency for midcentury conservatives such as Jouvenel, Kolnai, and, in a quieter vein, Collingwood. Nor was Voegelin’s antipathy to ideology distinctive.
I'm not comfortable throwing Collingwood in with the conservatives. Collingwood was on the whole a classical (European) liberal, more a "conservative liberal" like Tocqueville.

Exporting maxims from where they worked to where they did not work was the second kind of reasoning Burke proscribed.

[Ernst] Cassirer’s search for the origin of the modern age in The Individual and the Cosmos, as with Benjamin’s and Heidegger’s works, indicates a loss. Cassirer sought to show, equally clearly but in a different way, the location of that loss later in the modern age. Intoxicated by the explanatory and predictive power of the natural sciences in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the physical laws of nature assume an absolute determinative role as the forces behind all cosmic events—including humanity, as a purely material species. The problem of our freedom (of will) could then be solved only by extricating our essence from the world in the form of Cartesian philosophy of consciousness: the human being as a purely thinking entity separated from the body.

Saturday, April 3, 2021

Thoughts for the Day: Saturday 3 April 2021

 

Published in 2019


If we had started global decarbonization in 2000, when Al Gore narrowly lost election to the American presidency, we would have had to cut emissions by only about 3 percent per year to stay safely under two degrees of warming. If we start today, when global emissions are still growing, the necessary rate is 10 percent. If we delay another decade, it will require us to cut emissions by 30 percent each year. This is why U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres believes we have only one year to change course and get started.

This will to power over nature is the essence of modern hubris—an overweening end that is pursued by excessively rational means and driven by irrational urges. René Descartes and Francis Bacon, two of the principal authors of the modern way of life, regarded nature as a hostile power to be dominated without ruth or scruple.

To call Stalin’s rule an “alienation” seems to me a euphemism used to sweep under the rug not only facts, but the most hair-raising crimes as well. I say this to you simply to call your attention to how very much this jargon has already twisted the facts: To call something “alienation”—that is no less than a crime.

What I have in mind is not so much a different state concept as the necessity of changing this one. What we call the “state” is not much older than the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the same thing is true of the concept of sovereignty. Sovereignty means, among other things, that conflicts of an international character can ultimately be settled only by war; there is no other last resort.

I’m not sure if Norman Vincent Peale ever thought in this way or that he would have necessarily appreciated the connection, but his optimism about how to deal with recalcitrant facts has a certain postmodern ring to it, and seems to fit right into our increasingly post-truth world.


Friday, April 2, 2021

Thoughts for the Day: Friday 2 April 2021

 


The Buddha, the Godhead, resides quite as comfortably in the circuits of a digital computer or the gears of a cycle transmission as he does at the top of a mountain or in the petals of a flower. To think otherwise is to demean the Buddha—which is to demean oneself.

And this case [that of Bertolt Brecht] is of concern to all citizens who wish to share their world with poets. It cannot be left to the literature departments but is the business of political scientists as well. The chronic misbehavior of poets and artists has been a political, and sometimes a moral, problem since antiquity. In the following discussion of this case, I shall stick to the two assumptions I have mentioned. First, although in general Goethe was right and more is permitted to poets than to ordinary mortals, poets, too, can sin so gravely that they must bear their full load of guilt and responsibility. And, second, the only way to determine unequivocally how great their sins are is to listen to their poetry—which means, I assume, that the faculty of writing a good line is not entirely at the poet’s command but needs some help, that the faculty is granted him and that he can forfeit it.

Even so, one can often see in medieval historians that a critical skill is not absent; it is just that it is not their practice to remold the stories they are preserving in the image of their own critical opinion. They will, for example, retail contradictory stories and perhaps note that one is “scarcely credible,” rather than excising one of them. Compared to modern historians, they prefer to present evidence rather than conclusions and leave evaluation to the reader.77 Their practice is perhaps more comparable to that of a present-day archivist than a historian.

In France, the idea that the left-right contest required a final victor proved tenacious. On the right, supporters of reaction, liberal monarchy, and autocracy all took the French state as a prize to be captured and used for the service, respectively, of the old order, propertied wealth, or that imagined being, the people, thought of as the sensible and propertied middle classes.

This theory of knowledge is called ‘realism’; and ‘realism’ is based upon the grandest foundation a philosophy can have, namely human stupidity.

If the analysis of these and similar actions shows that they are not logical, that the professed goals are either too vague or, if definite, are as a general rule not in accordance with the actions that are taken in practice, then [Alfredo] Pareto is right, and the reformers and rationalists and moralists are wrong. Rational, deliberate, conscious belief does not, then, in general at any rate, determine what is going to happen to society; social man is not, as he has been defined for so many centuries, a primarily “rational animal.” When the reformers tell us that society can be improved by education, by increasing men’s knowledge, by projecting the correct program and then taking action to realize that program, they are wrong because men in society do not act that way. Their actions, their socially decisive actions, spring not from logical but from non-logical roots.

Thursday, April 1, 2021

Thoughts of the Day: Thursday 1 April 2021

 


What is difficult is to keep the issue clearly before your mind: to recollect that the only admissible ground of inclusion in the ruling class is ability to do the required work; the only admissible ground of exclusion is inability to do it.

A movement without leaders is a good idea in theory, but at some point you have to have a plan. How to make one wasn’t so clear. State power is a mix, first of the government proper in all its parts, but then also the military, finance, and the population’s support, and you need all of these working together to make any lasting progress.

And history is a story which has many beginnings but no end. The end in any strict and final sense of the word could only be the disappearance of man from the earth.

In today’s economy, big is beautiful. Size allows companies to take advantage of the two dominant economic trends of our times—globalization and the Information Revolution. It is easier for Volkswagen and Ikea to enter the Chinese and Indonesian markets than it is for smaller firms. Large banks can find new customers across the globe, while regional ones cannot.

In the 1970s, Phil Maffetone, a top fitness coach who worked with Olympians, ultramarathoners, and triathletes, discovered that most standardized workouts could be more injurious than beneficial to athletes. The reason is that everybody is different, and everybody will react to training.

“To be free, above all, was to be free from enslavement to one’s own basest desires, which could never be fulfilled, and the pursuit of which could only foster ceaseless craving and discontent.”


Wednesday, March 31, 2021

Thoughts for the Day: Wednesday 31 March 2021

 


When, as an historian, I relive in my own mind a certain experience of Julius Caesar, I am not simply being Julius Caesar; on the contrary, I am myself, and know that I am myself; the way in which I incorporate Julius Caesar’s experience in my own personality is not by confusing myself with him, but by distinguishing myself from him and at the same time making his experience my own. The living past of history lives in the present; but it lives not in the immediate experience of the present, but only in the self-knowledge of the present. This Dilthey has overlooked; he thinks it lives in the present’s immediate experience of itself; but that immediate experience is not historical thought.

Concepts from the three interflowing currents of Russian fascism—Ilyin’s Christian totalitarianism, Gumilev’s Eurasianism, and Dugin’s “Eurasian” Nazism—appeared in Putin’s discourse as he sought an exit from the dilemma he created for his country in 2012.

Etienne Gilson, asked to write his autobiography, responded: “A man of seventy-five should have many things to say about his past, but . . . if he has lived only as a philosopher, he immediately realizes that he has no past.”

In post-1945 France, the choices offered to conservative voters were normality (growing prosperity in a consumer society), pride (national grandeur as France decolonized and Europeanized), or rage (the frustrations of the hard right).

[Edward] Gibbon speaks for the mentality still characteristic of the social sciences: “As soon as I understood the principles, I relinquished for ever the pursuit of Mathematics; nor can I lament that I desisted before my mind was hardened by the habit of rigid demonstration so destructive of the finer feelings of moral evidence which must however determine the actions and opinions of our lives.” Modern defenses of the rationality of historical inferences continue to rely on an objective concept of probability, but do not demand it be quantified.
The notion of probability found in the evaluation of historical evidence pervades Jane Austen’s novels on persuasion, sense, and prejudice. The crucial chapter 36 of Pride and Prejudice, in which Elizabeth Bennet is forced to make humiliating changes to her beliefs in response to the new evidence contained in Mr. Darcy’s letter, is a tour de force of the careful reappraisal of a belief system that has been based on a large body of evidence. As Elizabeth “weighed every circumstance with what she meant to be impartiality—deliberated on the probability of each statement . . . reconsidering events, determining probabilities,” she came to see that her previous opinions of Darcy’s and Wickham’s characters were based on vanity and were now insupportable. Austen goes through each piece of evidence carefully, explaining its relation to the whole (“How could she deny that credit to his assertions, in one instance, which she had been obliged to give in the other?—He declared himself to have been totally unsuspicious of her sister’s attachment;—and she could not help remembering what Charlotte’s opinion had always been.—Neither could she deny the justice of his description of Jane”).

Another reason to believe that the problem with discovering mathematical probability lies in the mathematics is the parallel between the history of probability and that of two other abstract and loosely mathematical concepts, continuity and perspective.



Tuesday, March 30, 2021

Thoughts for the Day: Tuesday 30 March 2021

 


Keynes was one of the best writers who ever referred to himself as an economist. His career as a popular journalist demonstrated that he knew how to make himself understood, and he had come to the central ideas of The General Theory years before its publication. He had plenty of time to make it presentable. The book is difficult and obscure because he wanted it to be. And its sheer ugliness created a small industry of interpreters, some of whom enjoyed distinguished careers and won Nobel Prizes just by simplifying or interpreting sections of the book.

“Denmark is far from a socialist, planned economy. Denmark is a market economy,” Lars Løkke Rasmussen explained in 2015. The facts bear him out. Denmark ranks higher than the United States on the free-market Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom (eighth for Denmark, seventeenth for the US). In general, Denmark, like most Northern European countries, has an open, low-tariff, competitive economy. In some ways it better incentivizes the accumulation of capital than America does, with lower taxes on capital gains and inheritance (the estate tax is 15% in Denmark and zero in Sweden and Norway).

Unlike the conservative authoritarian, the fascist, as earlier noted, aims to stifle all independence and diversity. The authoritarian relies for control on fear and acquiescence; the fascist, on fear and popular mobilization. Although fascism won power through the ballot with the aid of irresolute constitutional authorities, it embraced illegality and violence as routine and acceptable methods in politics. Nazism in Germany added the toxic element of anti-Semitism.

Though some who loved Goldwater were bigots, Goldwater himself was less bigot than libertarian, approving in old age, for example, gay marriage. He nevertheless united the various streams of the hard right into a force with which Nixon and Ford had to deal and which won the Republican Party after 1980.

“The enemy of conservatism,” Samuel Huntington wrote, “is not liberalism, but radicalism.”

Action, the only activity that goes on directly between men without the intermediary of things or matter, corresponds to the human condition of plurality, to the fact that men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world.

Process goals encouraged me to enjoy the present moment. They are brief and achievable. I set up process goals and fun tasks and projects so that I never had to worry about future “outcome” goals. The best futures get created in the present moment.